 | |
|---|---|
 Microsoft Office Word 2010 on Windows 7. | |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft Corporation |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Word processor |
| License | Proprietary EULA |
| Website | Microsoft Word |
 | |
|---|---|
 Microsoft Word for Mac 2011 | |
| Developer(s) | Microsoft Corporation |
| Operating system | Mac OS X |
| Type | Word processor |
| License | Proprietary EULA |
| Website | Microsoft Word for Mac |
Microsoft Office Word is a word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3]Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC(1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Office Word 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Word 2011 for Mac.
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[edit]History
Main article: History of Microsoft Word
[edit]Origins and growth: 1981 to 1995
In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor,which was developed at Xerox PARC.[4] Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.[4][5][6]
Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix[4] and MS-DOS in 1983.[7] Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.[1] Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first program to be distributed on-disk with a magazine.[1][8] Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse,[7] and it was able to display some formatting, such as bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render fonts.[1] It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar.[9] However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years.
In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the Macintosh. This was made easier by the fact that Word for DOS has been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public.[10] Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac added trueWYSIWYG features. After its release, Word for Mac's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.[4]
The second release of Word for Macintosh, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0.[10] After MacWrite, Word for Mac never had any serious rivals on the Mac. Word 5.1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say its the best version of Word for Mac ever created.[10][11]
In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST[12] under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Apple Macintosh[13][14] and was never updated.
The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.[4] In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application.[15][16] When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of August 2011, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web site.[17]
In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows and Mac versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next versions of Word for Windows and Mac, dubbed version 6.0, both started from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0.[11]
With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms, this time across DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (this was the last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version received favorable reviews (e.g.,[18]), the Macintosh version was widely derided. Many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed significantly from Word 5.1.[11] In response to user requests, Microsoft was forced to offer Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued.[19] Subsequent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer ported versions of Word for Windows.
[edit]Microsoft Word for Windows since 1995
Word 95 for Windows was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95 around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking.[20] Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number.[21]
Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon,[22] adds a Backstage view for file management,[23] has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots,[24] and integrates with Word Web App.[25]
[edit]Microsoft Word for Mac since 1995
See also: Microsoft Office#Macintosh versions
In 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for the Mac. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97,[19] and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles.[26] Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac.
Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items.[27] It was the last version to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X,[26]and introduced non-contiguous text selection.[28]
Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice.[29] Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows.[30]
Word 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management,[31] and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.[32]
Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows,[33] and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support for Office Web Apps.[34]
[edit]File formats
[edit]File extension
Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension.
Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats:
- Word for DOS
- Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac
- Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac
- Word 97, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2007 and 2010 for Windows; Word 98, 2001, X, and 2004 for Mac
The newer ".docx" extension signifies the Office Open XML international standard for Office documents and is used by Word 2007 and 2010 for Windows, Word 2008 and 2011 for the Macintosh, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program.[35]
Microsoft does not guarantee the correct display of the document on different workstations, even if the two workstations use the same version of Microsoft Word, primarily due to page layout depending on the current printer.[36] This means it is possible the document the recipient sees might not be exactly the same as the document the sender sees.
[edit]Binary formats (Word 97–2003)
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During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format (.DOC) became a de facto standard of document file formats for Microsoft Office users. Though usually just referred to as "Word Document Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word version 97-2003.
Word document files by using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) structured storage to manage the structure of their file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file system and is made up of several key components. Each Word document is composed of so-called "big blocks" which are almost always (but do not have to be) 512-byte chunks; hence a Word document's file size will in most cases be a multiple of 512.
"Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is always contained in the "WordDocument" stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the "header" block, provides important information as to the location of the major data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide metadata about the storages and streams in a doc file, such as where it begins and its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains information about where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document and other attributes.
Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format.[37] However, these specifications were criticised for not documenting all of the features used by Word binary file format.[38]
Word 2007 and 2010 continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default.
[edit]XML Document (Word 2003)
Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats
[edit]Attempts at cross-version compatibility
Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways (such as changing the font, or the handling of more complex tasks like footnotes), creating a "lock in" phenomenon to the base Wastemans(proprietary) standard.[40]Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version.[40] Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most formatting and all content of the original document.
Later, after HTML appeared, Word supported an HTML derivative as an additional full-fidelity roundtrip format similar to RTF, with the additional capability that the file could be viewed in a web browser. Though an .html extension is applied to the file produced, that file will fail the W3C Validator spectacularly. If the file is intended to be uploaded as a Web page, use of a tool such as HTML Tidy is a necessary step so that visitors' downloads aren't bloated with the unnecessary Microsoft-specific markup.
[edit]Third party formats
Plugins permitting the Windows versions of Word to read and write formats it does not natively support, such as international standard OpenDocument format (ODF) (ISO/IEC 26300:2006), are available. Up until the release of Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Office 2007, Word did not natively support reading or writing ODF documents without a plugin, namely the SUN ODF Plugin or theOpenXML/ODF Translator. With SP2 installed, ODF format 1.1 documents can be read and saved like any other supported format in addition to those already available in Word 2007.[40][41][42][43][44]The implementation faces substantial criticism, and the ODF Alliance and others have claimed that the third party plugins provide better support.[45] Microsoft later declared that the ODF support has some limitations.[46]
In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there was insufficient demand from Microsoft customers for the international standard OpenDocument format support, and that therefore it would not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated in the following months.[47][48][49][50] As an answer, on October 20, 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft.[51] The petition was signed by approximately 12000 people.[52]
In May 2006, the ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by the OpenDocument Foundation.[53] Microsoft declared that it had no relationship with the developers of the plugin.[54]
In July 2006, Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project – tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project was not to add ODF support to Microsoft Office, but only to create a plugin and an external toolset.[55][56] In February 2007, this project released a first version of the ODF plugin for Microsoft Word.[57]
In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.[58] Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.[59]
Microsoft Word 2007 (Service Pack 1) supports (for output only) PDF and XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft 'Save as PDF or XPS' add-on.[60][61] On later releases, this was offered by default.
[edit]Features and flaws
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Among its features, Word includes a built-in spell checker, a thesaurus, a dictionary, and utilities for manipulating and editing text. The following are some aspects of its feature set.
[edit]WordArt
WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects, starting at version 2007, and prevalent in Office 2010. Users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles.
[edit]Macros
Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applicationsas of Word 97.
This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB flash drives, and floppy disks made this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the Melissa virus, but countless others have existed in the wild.
These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any Mac OS X system up until the advent of video codec trojans in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006.
Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon.
[edit]Layout issues
Before Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts[62] those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has advanced typesettingfeatures which can be enabled:[63] OpenType ligatures,[64] kerning, and hyphenation. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[65] Similarly, combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font.
Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If "Mirror margins" or "Different odd and even" are enabled, Word will not allow the user to freshly begin page numbering an even page after a section break (and vice versa). Instead it inserts a mandatory blank page which cannot be removed.[66]
In Word 2004 for Macintosh, support of complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97[citation needed], and Word 2004 does not support Apple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants.[67]
[edit]Bullets and numbering
Word has extensive list of bullets and numbering features used for tables, lists, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of content. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly or using a button or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some problems with numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Word's system for restarting numbering.[68] The Bullets and Numbering system has been significantly overhauled for Office 2007, which is intended to reduce the severity of these problems. For example, Office 2007 cannot align tabs for multi-leveled numbered lists[citation needed]. Often, items in a list will be inexplicably separated from their list number by one to three tabs, rendering outlines unreadable[citation needed]. These problems cannot be resolved even by expert users[citation needed]. Even basic dragging and dropping of words is usually impossible[citation needed]. Bullet and numbering problems in Word include: bullet characters are often changed and altered, indentation is changed within the same list, bullet point or number sequence can belong to an entirely different nest within the same sequence[citation needed].
[edit]Creating tables
Users can also create tables in MS Word. Depending on the version, Word can perform simple calculations. Formulas are supported as well.
[edit]AutoSummarize
AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable. The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount of text.
According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document (barring "a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word—the more frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages" each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence—the higher the average, the higher the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff," explains Fein.[69]
AutoSummarize was removed from Microsoft Word for Mac 2011, although it was present in Word for Mac 2008. AutoSummarize was also removed from the Office 2010 release version (14) as well.[70]
[edit]Versions
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Versions for Microsoft Windows include the following:
| Year Released | Name | Version | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Word for Windows 1.0 | ||
| 1990 | Word for Windows 1.1 | 1.1 | Code-named Bill the Cat |
| 1990 | Word for Windows 1.1a | 1.1a | For Windows 3.1 |
| 1991 | Word for Windows 2.0 | 2.0 | Code-named Spaceman Spiff |
| 1993 | Word for Windows 6.0 | 6.0 | Code-named T3 (renumbered 6 to bring Windows version numbering in line with that of DOS version, Macintosh version and also WordPerfect, the main competing word processor at the time; also a 32-bit version for Windows NTonly) |
| 1995 | Word 95 | 7.0 | Included in Office 95 |
| 1997 | Word 97 | 8.0 | Included in Office 97 |
| 1998 | Word 98 | 8.5 | Only sold as part of Office 97 Powered By Word 98, which was only available in Japan and Korea. |
| 1999 | Word 2000 | 9.0 | Included in Office 2000 |
| 2001 | Word 2002 | 10.0 | Included in Office XP |
| 2003 | Office Word 2003 | 11.0 | Included in Office 2003 |
| 2006 | Office Word 2007 | 12.0 | Included in Office 2007; released to businesses on November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers on January 30, 2007 |
| 2010 | Word 2010 | 14.0 | Included in Office 2010 |
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